Decarbonising heavy transport in New Zealand: A system dynamics analysis of hydrogen, battery electric, and transitional technologies

Abdulwahid, Al-Hasan Ali Mohammed

Heavy duty road transport plays a critical role in national freight systems, yet remains one of the most challenging sectors to decarbonise due to high energy demand, long driving ranges, payload constraints, and long vehicle lifetimes. Hydrogen and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are considered pr